Development Through the Life Stages Essay

In older age (64+) many things happen on the inside and the outside the body. As you hit older age, you will start to notice that many things will happen on the outside of your body. Your hair may start to go grey or you may start to go bald. The hair goes grey because as you get older your hair loses pigment which is the colouring in your hair. Also your skin may lose elasticity; this means your skin may appear to get wrinkles. Your posture may also start to get worse in older age because your shoulders begin to drop and you may start to hunch forward. This will affect your posture. These things that happen on the outside could also affect you in other aspects of your life. You may start to feel depressed because you feel unattractive about your appearance. This could have an affect on other aspects of your life if you do get depressed because you may become isolated and not want to leave the house. Your social life will suffer if you do not want to go outside because you will not b e going out. This will affect your social development because you will not be going out meeting new people and expanding your horizon. You may also become isolated because you feel that people may judge you on how you look on the outside, this may also cause isolation. If you do not go outside you may have a deteration in your health because you will be in the same environment everyday and will not be getting any fresh air. However, in older age you get maturity with age because you have been there done that. This means that you can offer advice to your family. If you are retired you will have more time to socialise with friends that you have made though your life. In older age it is very important that you have good relationships so you know that they are people to look after you later on in your life. It will also raise your self-esteem if you have a good relationship with people that you are close too. As you get older your bones are less dense, you have more of a risk of falling and artrithus. Mobility in older age is very important because it is how you get around. If you have a problem with your mobility, it could have an affect on your social life because you will not be able to get to see your friends and family. It could have an affect on your self confidence if you do not see anyone because you may feel like they do not want to see you. Also you don’t want to feel like a burden on your family by asking them to take you places, this may mean that you become isolated. If you need someone to come out with you so that you can avoid falling and injuring yourself, you may feel childlike and vulnerable. You may also not feel that confidence if you do not have good balance because you may feel like you may fall. However, the more active you stay you are going to be active for longer. For example swimming is a good way to keep fit and some gyms has special classes for the older generation. This is there to keep them mobilised for longer is older age. If they lost their mobility then they would most likely lose their social life because they may not be able to get around as well as they used too. This could lead to them being disempowered because they won’t have their own choice to go anywhere and do anything by themselves. They also don’t want to feel like a burden on their family members because this could make them feel childlike and vulnerable. If you have gone throughout your life doing everything for yourself, you may feel embarrassed about asking people to help you. In some cases you may also feel ashamed. Your confidence will also be affect, this could be because of your mobility. If you do not have the best balance, you may not want to go in case you fall over or injury yourself in anyway. In older age there are also changes to your cardiovascular and respiration systems. As you get older your heart has to work harder to pump the blood around the body. This would mean that your circulation will begin to get slower and you will be more prone to blood clots at different points within your body. Your respiration system changes as well, you find you are shorter if breath quicker. This will lower your exercise tolerance because you will get out of breath quicker. Having shortness of breath is a frightening situation and it will also take you less time to get out of breath. You may also suffer from heart disease, lung cancer, asthma etc. You could also get any other problems that are associated with breathing and your heart. This could lead to many different things, such as lack of sexual relationships and lack in social life. If you are not feeling confident about yourself then you are not likely to want to go out or have sexual interactions with anyone. It could also affect you and your grandchildren’s relationship because you may not be able to play with your grandchildren. This could affect the relationship you have with them throughout their life. If you do have respiratory problems the you may have to depend on oxygen all the time. You could be left feeling embarrassed and not wanting to leave the house to socialise. As a consequence will limit the opportunities that are available to you. You may even stop your family members coming around your house because you are that embarrassed about the oxygen you have to have all of the time. Digestion In older age you digestion will also suffer. This could be because of false teeth making it harder to eat. This could be because of them being too big for your mouth or just not fitting properly. As you get older you have slower metabolism and weakened muscles in the stomach. This could affect you in many ways, for example it could cause you to gain weight if you are still eating as much as you did when you were 30 years old. Eating is often regarded as a social event and often people in older age do not eat unless they are will other people. Your food may also become less appealing because you lose sensation in your taste buds. This will make your favourite food less appealing and you may stop eating. A lot of things can stop you from accessing food; this could be because of your mobility. If you cannot get of the house, you can’t get to the shops to buy food. You may not want to ask people to go to the shop for you because you do not want to feel like a burden and childlike. However, if you are not eating it could increase your chances of having a nutrient deficiently and affect your immunity from viruses. Having a nutrient deficient could affect your health in a major way and can make you very ill if you are not getting the right nutrients. If you can’t stand by the cooker for a long period of time or undo bottles. This will stop you actually accessing the food to eat, if no-one else is around to open it for you. Another reason your digestion may be affected is if you have lost a loved one. You may feel like they is no point in just cooking for you. This may lead to you eating convenience food which is high in fat or not eating at all. You may also gain weight in older age. This could be because you are eating the same amount as you did when you were working. This will make you gain weight because you will not be burning off the energy like you used to do. You may also lose weight if you don’t eat healthy or not eat regularly. However some good things happen to your digestion when you get older. Since you are retired and wouldn’t be working. You will have more time to cook healthier food, so in retirement you may eat better. Continence Continence means the ability to control body liquids. You are more likely in older age to have incontinence. Some people in older age even have accidental incontinence. Having incontinence could mean that you have no control at all over releasing body liquids and in some cases you may not even know that you are doing it. However, it could be your pelvic floor muscles, if these are not strong you may release urine when you laugh or sneeze. This can be fixed by practicing your pelvic floor muscles. However, they are things you can do to stop it happening as often. Don’t drink caffeine, this is because it is a bladder stimulant and causes you to go to the toilet more frequently. Also diet coke has been linked with bladder cancer and this will affect your ability to hold body liquids for a long period of time. If you do have bladder or bowel problems, you may feel too embarrassed to tell anyone. This could be because they you think that they may judge you and loom at you like you’re a child. You may even think that you are childlike and vulnerable. If this is a bad problem and you do not want to tell anyone about it. It could lead to being isolated and not socialising because you are worried that it might happen whilst you are out. You may even stop people coming to visit you because you might worry that it smells of urine and you do not want people to know that you have a problem. If you did go out, you may want to take a change of clothes with you. This may be just for peace of mind just in case anything happens whilst you are out. Brain and Memory As you get older it is common for you to have memory loss. Don’t worry this happens to many people when they are in older age. You may feel embarrassed that you are unable to remember anything, even your close relative’s names. You may forget how to look after yourself. You lose your memory because as you get older you start to lose your nerve cells. Wisdom Many people think as you get to older age nothing good happens. However as you get older you gain wisdom. This can be shared with family and friends. The younger generation often think that you have been there done that so that you have got life experience that can be passed down the younger generation. You may also have strong relationships with your family members this causing you to have a good self-concept and feel good about yourself. Psychological effects on ageing As you get older your brain will start to change. This could be because you have recently retired or something major has happened in your life and it has affected your emotions. Retirement Retirement could affect your psychological development because you are used to going to work every day and suddenly it will stop. You may start to feel useless, this would be because you have had something to do and you would be getting money for your family. Everybody adjusts to retirement differently. You could take up many different hobbies to keep yourself active or you could stop doing everything all together this could lead to you feeling useless, this would be because you are used to bringing in the family money and now you don’t. Self-esteem and image Your self-esteem change in older age because you experience many different emotions. Your self-esteem could be positive or negative. It could be positive because you may go out all of the time and have a good social life. This would lead to a good self-esteem because they would feel good about themselves. However, you have negative self-esteem in older age. This could be because you may stay in all of the time and never go out. Your self-image could suffer as well because of the physical changes of older age could affect the psychological effects of aging. You may start to feel bad about yourself, this may mean that you do not want to leave the house. You may also think that people are staring at you and it could mean that you may not want to leave the house. This could lead to a negative self-image. You may also have a good self-image in older age, this may be because you go out all of the time with friends and have a good social life.

Religion and Morality Essay

(i)Examine the views of scholars concerning the idea that religion and morality are linked. In this essay I am going to be looking at all the different view points on why some people may think religion and morality are linked. I will talk about a few things that link them such as conscience, divine command ethics, Kant’s view and Aquinas’ view. Many people believe that morality is based upon religion and the rules written in the Bible and other holy books, although some say that religion is completely opposed to morality and it is wrong to mix the two. Some scholars believe there are three views on the relationship between religion and morality, one of them being that morality depends on religion. Religious leaders are expected to have extremely high standards of morality, R. B Braithwaite believes so, he states that ‘to be religious and to make religious claims is to be committed to a set of moral values’. Much religious language is the language of morality, and as we have seen religious believers have committed themselves to particular ways of behaving. Aquinas’ believed that if God exists morality exists and that God made humans only his image, ‘when we are good, we are reflecting God’s image’. He also believed that goodness on earth reflects on God’s morally good perfection, so because God made us based on his image, when we are good we are reflecting on his ‘perfect’ image. However Kant’s view is the opposite to this, he believed that if morality exists God must exist and that the highest of good is perfection, although no one is perfect, which means no one can be as good or great as God because he has this perfect image, and no one is perfect therefore cannot live up to those expectations. Kant’s argument was that for the existence of God based on the existence of morality: There must be a holy author of the world who makes possible the highest goods. Some people believe in Divine Command Ethics because they think that God’s authority is absolute and final, and that human reason has no authority. God tells us how to live, obedience is commanded. Disobedience to the word of God is a sin. He also thinks that the existence of God is necessary for the summum borum (which is the highest for of good) to be achieved, and that the summum borum is not achievable in this life, therefore the existence of God is necessary for the goal of morality to be realized. Another is that morality is independent of religion. Freud believed the conscience is a moral policeman. The internalized super-ego that controls and socializes human moral behavior. Capable of doing much damage to our mental health. Some people believe conscience has no supernatural origin, it is the product of how people are brought up. Parents and teachers, teach us right and wrong and we are effected by the environment we are brought up in. Everyone’s conscience is different depending on what they were taught and how they were raised and children, meaning they believe different things, and have different view points. Religion and morality is also linked by religious influences on moral matters. For example, a US abortion rights group have angered some conservative Christian groups by selling condom key rings that have a picture of Michelangelo’s Sistine chapel, with God handing Adam a condom. The president of the Christian group said ‘this does nothing to deal with the horrific promiscuity rate we have among teenagers. We believe the real approach particularly to the young people that this is targeted at is abstinence before marriage’. Another example is that CARE lobby for a reduction in the time limit for legal abortions, to 18 weeks, and against the growing swell of public opinion in favor of legalizing assisted suicide. Existentialists may argue without God morality is meaningless and ‘everything is permitted’. If this is true God is the guardian of morality. Without God moral chaos or anarchy would ensue. Some other reasons why people say that religion and morality are linked is that: Moral codes are derived from religion. Moral opinions are judged against religious teachings. Even secular society adopts or is influenced by religious moral teachings, for example, it seeks guidance from religious leaders in moral matters such as genetic engineering/abortion. In conclusion the strongest view to me is Social Conditioning, in which morality is independent of religion. I believe that peoples morality comes from the environment that they are brought up in, and the people around them such as parents and teachers. From a very young age we are taught what is right and wrong, and grow up respecting the law and people around us more than God. (ii)Comment on the view that religion and morality are not linked. Euthyphro’s Dilemma was that the problem of whether something is good because God commands it, or does God command that which is good. ‘Do that God’s love that which is holy, or is it holy because it is loved by the God’s’ – Plato. Almost all Christians will say something is good because God says so, his commands must be obeyed. A Christian’s dilemma is that either good is a whim or good is something that dictates to God. So if a Christian interprets that it is God’s will to murder, they think they are justified because it is God’s choice. A. C Grayling believes that religious morality is irrelevant to modern society because what people value has changed. He thinks that modern morality includes a great concern for human rights, animal welfare and the environment, not because of God but because of the instrumental value to themselves. Nietzsche has a view that Christianity is a disease on humanity and that morality is also a disease that imposes limits on human freedom. ‘Belief in God encourages ‘slave morality†. He believes that feelings of guilt, shame and remorse are forced upon us from the churches, and that we are made to feel bad for fulfilling our desires. ‘If more people believed in God there would be less immorality’ – R. A Sharpe believed this to be a misconception. He believes this because some churches teach that God hates homosexuals, or that contraception is wrong. A secular ethicist could argue that people are more likely to be morally responsible if God does not exist. If there is no afterlife then we should behave in this life as there will be no reward or punishment at the end, life is short, treat people well. I believe religion and morality are separate, being strong in one doesn’t make you strong in the other. I myself know not to murder someone, not because of a fear of God or that the Bible told me not to, but because I have been brought up to know it is wrong and against the law, and I do not wish to end up in prison. Although I don’t think it is the fear of punishment, it’s just in my heart not to want to hurt someone, not just my conscience and upbringing teaching me not too. People who claim that religion is their morality are basically saying that without the fear of going to hell they would have no motivation to follow the morals. R. A Sharpe believed that ‘If more people believed in God there would be less immorality’ is a misconception because he doesn’t believe that all Christian’s have the right morals. Another argument would be what if the divine changes his mind.. If God said that murdering children was the right thing to do, would it be?

SAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SAP - Essay Example By using SAP solutions, organizations of all sizes -- including small and midsize enterprises -- can reduce costs, improve performance, and gain the agility to respond to changing business needs. Many of today's most profitable businesses run ERP solutions from SAP. Considering the significant investment in SAP ERP systems, along with the increasingly demanding and competitive business environment, organizations need to achieve return on the investment. SAP ERP solutions take businesses a long way toward standardizing -- bringing together interrelated business processes under a standard architecture that helps the enterprise become more efficient, productive and agile in response to changing business conditions. Within the enterprise, SAP ERP solutions do an excellent job of automating and integrating many aspects of business processes. SAP ERP has got extensive support for various business processes and can be molded according to individual requirements. SAP can be used with various databases at backend. Customizations in SAP can be done using their Net-Weaver software package designed to provide a graphical user interface to make customizations and also provides features to code the customizations required. Oracle applications provide business information for effective decision-making, enable an adaptive enterprise for optimal responsiveness, and offer a superior total ownership experience that drives profitability. Oracle is committed to providing the leading solutions for your industry, including banking, insurance, communications, life sciences, manufacturing, retail, public sector, and high tech. Oracle Applications, running on a foundation of Oracle technology, address the unique business needs and challenges of your industry. Oracle provides extra features of data mining, warehousing and CASE tools as supplementary packages to enhance the capabilities of the Oracle Applications and their ERP package. Oracle provides oracle or any other front end interface to be used with Oracle applications. Oracle provides its customers with an easy to use software packages with very little training and learning required. SAP vs Oracle Oracle E-Business Suite (Oracle) SAP R/3 (SAP) Does the General Ledger Module Support: 1 Multiple Currency Transactions Y Y 2 Foreign Language Y Y 3 Consolidations Y Y 4 Allocations Y Y 5 Statistical Accounts Y Y 6 E-Mail Financial Statements Y N 7 Scheduled Financial Statements Y N 8 GL Drill Down to Source Document Y Y 9 Financial Statement Drill down Y Y Does the Inventory Module Support: 10 Matrix Pricing Y Y 11 Serial Numbers Y Y 12 Multiple Bins Y Y 13 Lot Tracking Y Y 14 Multiple Warehouses Y Y 15 Pictures Y Y 16 Bar Code Tracking Y Y 17 Consignment Inventory Y Y 18 Shelf Life Tracking Y Y 19 Bill of Materials Processing Y Y 20 Exploding & Imploding Quantities Y Y Does the Project Costing Module Support: 21 Estimating Y Y 22 Time & Billing Y Y 23 Retainage Y Y 24 Job Phases Y Y 25 Resource Tracking Y Y 26 Critical Path Reporting N Y 27 PERT Charts N Y 28 A.I.A. Billing Y Y Do the Manufacturing Modules support: 29 A Product Configurator Y Y 30 Multi-level Bill of Materials Y Y 31 Production Planning N Y 32 Machine

Design evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Design evaluation - Essay Example In the United Kingdom today copper is a popular material used for facades, roofs and other external building elements on some of the most exciting modern designs. But this has not always been so. Historically, copper roofs several hun ¬dred years old can be seen on many British city skylines, although usually limited to churches, civic buildings and other important structures. During the twentieth century, copper roofs became more widely used for ordinary buildings – although many were of little architec ¬tural quality. Unfortunately, poor de ¬tailed design and installation techniques resulted in technical failures and the material fell out of fashion until the 1980s. Then, the copper industry intro ¬duced modern installation techniques to the UK – including the long-strip meth ¬od – and launched a promotional cam ¬paign to make architects aware of cop ¬per as a thoroughly modern architectural material. This ‘Copper in Architecture’ cam paign continues today.(Article by Tom Woolley in Sustain magazine, vol 3 no 3) It highlights the ability for copper sheets to be easily formed to suit any three-dimensional shape, making it a suitable weatherproof covering for virtually any external surface including roofs of all pitches, vertical cladding, gutters, soffits and even sculptural elements. Architects now recognise that it is one of the few materials that can offer complete mate ¬rial continuity and real freedom of form in architectural design.

Audit Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Audit Program - Assignment Example 1. Obtain an understanding of the client’s policies and procedures with respect to capitalization and Depreciation methods used. 2. Obtain from the client a summary of fixed assets and related depreciation showing the following information: a. Classification of major classes of property such Delivery car, Workstation. Display case, Laptop and building b. Asset balances at the beginning of the year c. Asset additions during the year d. Retirements and disposals during the year e. Other changes during the year (reclassifications) f. Asset balance at the end of the year g. Depreciation method (Straight line ) and estimated depreciable live(economic lives) h. Accumulated depreciation balance at the beginning of the year i. Current year additions to aggregate accumulated depreciation accounts j. current year changes to accumulated depreciation accounts (reclassification) k. Accumulated balance depreciation at the end of the year 3 Add the net book value of the asset to the accumula ted depreciation if they add up to the cost of the asset at the beginning of the year.

High Fashion Styling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

High Fashion Styling - Research Paper Example The essay "High Fashion Styling" discusses How to Become an A class Stylist. Aspiring stylists should be ready to face obstacles in firmly establishing careers. Specifically, this paper delves on the aspects of becoming an excellent stylist in high fashion. High Fashion is otherwise known as haute couture which is French for high sewing. It is also synonymous with high style which encompasses the most current when it comes to design. This kind of style is most often purported for exclusive clienteles. It also normally refers to rare and exclusive apparels. More importantly, the design is inimitable because of its price. Haute couture products are distinctive since they are financially difficult to access. Hence, the stylist should utilize high-quality fabrics. He must also design apparels with utmost taste, substantial amount of time, and meticulous expertise. Stylists were not so popular years ago. There was a time when they were quite ignored in the society. They were only known in the confines of the small fashion industries. The avenues of their recognition were only behind magazines and photo shoots. Charles Frederick Worth is known as the father of haute couture. He revolutionized the conventional styles and earned a mark in France’s fashion market. The term high fashion has been known to be first used in 1804. At this era, women’s dresses shifted to high-waisted designs which did not require the customary corset. Essentially, high fashion stemmed from Paris. This movement spawned other stylists. across time and cultures. As a Career â€Å"There are no hard and fast rules to beginning your styling career† (McAssey, & Buckley, p.17). The truth is, some of the most famous stylists did not actually have any formal training. On the other hand, there are also those who have spent many years in different colleges, internships, and academies. The point is one should look into all of the aspects that can help in advancing his status in the fa shion world. Though what you know is usually important in doing well, who you know matters greatly. Since the bigger part of the profession thrives on freelance, it is quite vital to have connections. Concerning compensation, the average alters depending on the kind of market. For example, in large scale promotions, stylists get paid from $400 up to $800 in one day (Lawson, 2012). Certainly, this kind of reward is an inspiration to many hopefuls. Experts’ salaries may get higher with appropriate certifications. The Association of Image Consultants Seminar is one of the organizations that guarantee a stylist’s proficiency. During shoots and productions, stylists function at their highest. They need to supervise every aspect concerning accessories, collection of garbs, and executing last-minute changes. They also need to take into deliberation the effect of lighting, cosmetics, and the model’s features. One of the stylist’s reputable jobs is to be in charge of dealing with sudden mishaps such as ripped clothes and unmatched sizes. Hence, this profession requires ingenuity and resourcefulness among many others. As compared to other fields, this kind of occupation entails keenness to details. Though it largely sounds glitzy, a wide array of events can make you get harried and crazily occupied. For example, it has to be made sure that the schedules of the clothes being bought or tailored are in exact order. It has also to be made certain that the apparels borrowed are in meticulously good shape before returning. In this career, a

Family Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Family Communication - Assignment Example Honesty is a virtue that my parents have cultivated in our house. My mother tells us that the truth will always set us free so we try as much as possible to be honest. As a family we are sincere, clear and specific with what we want to achieve. We also realize that we have our own weaknesses that we must inform each other so as to get support. My sister Linet is a sickling type and we are always there to help her whenever she cannot accomplish some of her tasks. The rules in the house are flexible and are subject to change depending on conditions. For example, we have a diet that must be followed in order to maintain our health. However, once in a while the diet is omitted to accommodate some people’s feelings and desires and this creates a sense of fulfillment in the house. We also relate well with the community around and with other family members. We have been accepted with the society and my parents play a major role in the community. My mother is a professional counselor who offers free counseling services when our estate is celebrating certain ceremonies. My dad on the other hand heads the regular cleaning services in the estate and he is also head of the security. This is an indication that our family links with the society is open and hopeful Satir 1988, pg

POLICY BRIEFS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

POLICY BRIEFS - Essay Example Tianyi Luo, Andrew Maddocks, and Betsy Otto reported that last July 2012, China’s government sought to establish 363 coal-fired power plants for construction all over China, with planned capacity of more than 557 gigawatts, a momentous 75% increase on generating capacity that can fit its rabid energy demand. The rest of the world fears that China is over-exerting itself on the global atmosphere. China asks: Why should it curb its own economic growth when first world countries before had no check and balance system on its energy use? The answer is because without global actions in reducing emission, the world is running faster toward a state of alarming global warming. Global warming is important to all of us because we all share the same atmosphere. Joseph Eugene Stiglitz, an American economist and a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and the John Bates Clark Medal, asserts: â€Å"No issue is more global than global warming: everyone shares the same at mosphere† (7). Aside from a Nobel Prize economist who is certain that global warming is our issue, several scientists are also concerned of global warming- principally, its causes and effects on people. Those who say that global warming is not human-made and not based on carbon-dioxide emissions are facing increasing evidence that prove them otherwise. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a body that is composed of hundred scientists that won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007, stated that though the rise of global temperature can be as low as 2.7 degrees, if carbon dioxide emissions double for the next few years, the rise will be higher. Justin Gillis of The New York Times reported the potential effects of higher global temperatures all over the world, based on the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Warming the entire planet by 5 degrees Fahrenheit would add a stupendous amount of energy to the climate system. Scientists say the increase would be greater over land and might exceed 10 degrees at the poles. They add that such an increase would lead to widespread melting of land ice, extreme heat waves, difficulty growing food and massive changes in plant and animal life, probably including a wave of extinctions. In other words, global warming is a global issue because it will not only affect plant and animal life, it will affect human life as well. President Jim Yong Kim, you are in a unique position to help stop global warming because you hold a powerful position in one of the most dominant global institutions in the world. The World Bank has the primary functions of promoting world development, boosting productivity standards and standards of living in less developed countries, and assisting in-need countries’ reconstruction plans. You can support our proposal for financing changes that can curb global emissions. Furthermore, in your speech, â€Å"Within Our Grasp: A World Free of Poverty† delivered at Georgeto wn University last April 2, 2013, you showed awareness for the impact of global warming on poverty. You said: â€Å"The World Bank Group is now working on a revamped strategy to significantly strengthen our climate change interventions and help catalyze urgent action among global partners on the scale required.† Indeed, I agree that with the World Bank’s financial resources and global political and social power, it can do more to help address global warming. DISCUSSION OF GLOBAL WARMING AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS: Global warming is real. Richard A. Muller, a professor of

Managing crisis in Nigeria Oil Sector Case Study

Managing crisis in Nigeria Oil Sector - Case Study Example held their gang members captive. Buerk rejects prospects to evaluate the classified descriptions other concluding remarks: that Shell "make worse conflict" through the issuing of stipends and contracts to those folks who live around delta as well as the offering of stay-at-home-benefits" for disoriented teenagers. The absentia of answerability promotes residents to wage war against Shell, and the whole scenario is abject pandemonium; feuds emerge in towering propositions, the rationale has always been to control a share of the proceeds coming from oil. On the extreme end felony has been propagated through version in the astringent development as well as the compensating through rescue, hence making felony a lucrative, money-spinning game. That Shell's Corporate Social function was flawed and no sooner than soon will it wither. The community living around delta lives under debilitating conditions despite the vast wealth generated from oil fields. Lay blame on oil companies that conspire with Nigeria's regime to drum up divisions flanking rival societal clusters in a move to annihilate oil proceeds from reaching them. Statements of Problem The oil predicament in Nigeria fastidiously what is happening around Niger delta has attracted so much prose writings from historians, political analysts, news media commentators, and many more. And yet less stands to be documented on the functions of the corporate organizations with a global presence; in reference to Shell and their role in establishing a ceasefire flanking the alarming parties of the remote setting, the regime and the Multi National Corporations. This study will endeavor to unearth the function and impact of the strategy as well as decision making by transnational administrators in containing the Oil predicament in Nigeria. Objectives the Study To decisively review the rationale for the existing disaster in terms of partners in the Nigeria oil industry. To inspect the observation of executives in the Nigeria oil commerce with a view to establish their belief on the oil predicament as well as the preeminent channels to resolving the same. To recognize resolutions and originate an approach for solving disaster. To discover key issues and make recommendations to government and industry for the execution of tactic. The Oil Crisis in Nigeria Rationale for the existing predicament Partners in the Nigeria oil Territory: Shell as a case in mind The oil pandemonium witnessed in Nigeria I presented with intricate truth of the Niger Delta- society discontentment, frail and a regime that does not respond to the needs of the people, safekeeping force mistreatments and inter-neighborhood aggression. The case of the environment In responding to allegations,

Common Stereotypes in Society Essay Example for Free

Common Stereotypes in Society Essay As a society, we tend to stereotype. Whether our presumption is right or wrong, some common stereotypes are still accepted as truth no matter how much evidence there is proving another point of view. Three common stereotypes I see are those that involve abused women, Blacks and their love of fried chicken and the ability of older people learning foreign languages. Many of these stereotypes are reinforced by cultures and what is commonly seen within their culture. These stereotypes can have a long lasting effect on the people that are judged by the stereotype and a long lasting effect on the perception of those people. When most people think about an abused woman, many see the woman with a black eye not realizing that abuse is more than physical. Verbal and mental abuse are also used to control the victim. In many cases, physical abuse is the latter and verbal and mental abuse is the first type introduced. Although there are many shelters and agencies available to abused women, many believe that these women are too afraid to leave the relationship and are blamed for any further abuse they suffer because they didn’t leave or call the police. On the contrary, â€Å"more than 77 percent of them had self-reported to the police. (Barrett, B. , Nov 2011). In the cases when the women have children, many think that they stay because they do not have the means to provide for their family if they leave the home. Based on a handbook by the Santa Clara Probation department, â€Å"victims of domestic violence leave their abuser seven times on average before they are able to stay on their own† (Prophet, T. , 2006). Many of the abused women are presumed as weak and people in general, do not want to assist a weak person because they will more than likely go back to the situation they were just helped out of. There are many shelters available but the funding needed is scarce due to the previous mentioned fear. The second common stereotype is that all Black people like fried chicken. I was taught in school that any statement that expresses that â€Å"all† of anything is definitely a false statement. This stereotype was started a long time ago, and is probably associated with situations related to slavery. â€Å"The most obvious explanation derives from the historical fact that fried chicken dishes were popular in slave homes on Southern plantations. In many cases, chickens were the only livestock animals that slaves were permitted to raise on their own† (Bering, J. (2011). This just proves that the reason fried chicken is associated with African Americans is not because they enjoy the food so much but it was the only choice they had when it came to what was availbe to them. The other reason there is such a negative connotation associated with fried chicken is because the slavery era itself was not a good time for African Americans (Bering, J. 2011). As an unhealthy and inexpensive food, fried chicken invokes images of poverty, ignorance, sloth, and other racist associations† (Bering, J. 2011). Not only is the mention of fried chicken and African Americans considered negative, it has also been viewed as racist. Advertisers seem to gear their commercials towards the African American community when advertising for fried chicken. Mary J. Blige received a lot of flack for being in a Burger King commercial advertising their New Crispy Strips Tortilla Wraps. The commercial was eventually pulled from rotation due to the backlash received. Other high profile individuals have also been targeted by the chicken industry, including President Obama. Although it’s no secret that these people do enjoy fried chicken, associating these people with the food generated a negative or racial tone. There is nothing wrong with these people liking fried chicken, as there are many other racial groups that also enjoy this cuisine. The third common stereotype would be the idea that older adults will have a harder time learning foreign languages when compared to younger children. One of the reasons for this stereotype can be attributed to the older adult and the teacher, they have doubts about their ability to learn a foreign language. Although most people have accepted the generalization of learning as â€Å"the younger the better† (Schleppegrell, M. , 1987), this is not the case when it comes to learning language. There have been studies that have determined that aging does not decline a person’s learning ability. The way older adults learn a new skill is the only adjustments that need to be made. These studies also show that older adults learn at a more rapid rate than children (Krashen, Long, and Scarcella, 1979). There are two reasons why being a poor language learner is attributed to adults, and those are â€Å"a theory of the brain and how it matures, and classroom practices that discriminate against the older learner† (Schleppegrell, M. , 1987). The critical period hypothesis that was put forth in the 1960s was based on then-current theories of brain development, and argued that the brain lost cerebral plasticity after puberty, making second language acquisition more difficult as an adult than as a child (Lenneberg, 1967). Due to advances in the study of neurology, it has been determined that adults have superior language learning capabilities. These studies and facts should dispel any accepted stereotypes related to older adults and their ability to learn foreign languages. One thing that is common amongst all of these stereotypes is that the â€Å"victim† has accepted these stereotypes to be true and doesn’t challenge any of the information that would affirm or deny such claims. This could also be the first step into getting some of these stereotypes removed from our culture so that people are able to benefit positively and not have to worry about any negative impacts from doing activities that are natural.

Nebulized L-epinephrine in Post -Bronchoscopy Croup

Nebulized L-epinephrine in Post -Bronchoscopy Croup Safety and Efficacy of Nebulized L-epinephrine in Post -Bronchoscopy Croup in Children, Anesthesia Consideration Dr Asma Aref Idamat, Pharmacist Dr Hussein Khraysha, Senior Specialist Anesthetist Dr Najeh Alomari, Consultant Pediatric Surgeon Amman-Jordan ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of bronchodilator effect of nebulized epinephrine post bronchoscopy in children and to compare the effectiveness and side effects of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE) 1/1000 at a dose of 0.1 mL/kg versus 0.5 mL/kg in the treatment of post-bronchoscopy croup and upper airway obstruction . MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between April1998 and April 2002, 120 children, who developed signs and symptoms of upper airway obstruction (UAO) after bronchoscopy, were randomized to receive either 0.1 mL/kg or 0.5 mL/kg of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE). Age group ranged from 4months to 14 years, mean of 4.6 years, male /female ratio 4:1. UAO scores, vital signs (VS) ,oxygen saturation (O2 Sat)and side effects if present were recorded before ,at 15 minutes , 35 minutes and 45 minutes after the treatment. The treatment was accomplished in the recovery room under the care of the anesthetist and pediatric surgeon. All patients were reviewed carefully prior to discharge from recovery room. RESULTS: Sixty children were allocated to the 0.1mL/kg (NLE) and sixty children to the 0.5 mL/kg (NLE).. The (NLE) was mixed with 2ml of normal saline. Both groups showed improvements in UAO scores and Oxygen saturation over time. There were no significant differences in UAO scores and VS between the groups at all time points. There were no side effects of epinephrine during the observation. CONCLUSION: The administration of nebulized L-epinephrine is safe and effective in reliving croup and upper airway obstruction (UAO) post-bronchoscopy in children. NLE at the dose of 0.1 mL/kg results in similar improvements in the UAO scores, compared with the dose of 0.5 mL/kg. No complications were seen in either dose and we recommend the routine use of 0.1ml/kg (NLE) post –bronchoscopy in children. Key words: Bronchoscopy, Bronchodilators, L-adrenaline, croup, children Introduction Croup or subglottic edema post bronchoscopy and post intubation is a well known entity. Children are more vulnerable to develop croup after such procedures than adults due to well known differences in the anatomy of upper airway and tracheo-bronchial tree with narrower laryngeal and tracheal lumens with the result of obstruction more readily by to mucosal edema due to different causes, like viral and bacterial infections as well as allergic manifestations. The narrowest part of upper airway is that at the level of cricoid cartilage which makes the internal tracheal injury by endo tracheal tube or bronchoscope sheath more prone at the narrow subglottic area even after easily passage through the vocal cords. Bronchoscopic removal of aspirated foreign bodies in children is a common procedure in Jordan and many other countries worldwide. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia using rigid bronchoscopic device through which the ventilation is maintained. Foreign bodies are usu ally successfully removed using forceps, wash out with saline and suction tube. In many cases repeated bronchoscopic intubation may be necessary to assure complete removal of foreign bodies with the result of significant irritation and edema to the tracheo-bronchial tree with the sequel of croup, wheezy chest and features of upper airway obstruction (UAO) which may lead to significant morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. The incidence of post intubation croup in children was reported to be between 1 to 6 % (1,2). The medical treatment of postintubation croup is the same as that for infectious croup, including corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine. The vasoconstrictive effect of epinephrine decreases the degree of subglottic edema, resulting in clinical improvement. Traditionally recemic epinephrine has been used as a non-selective adrenergic agonist of choice in children due to its supposedly fewer side effects than the more active and more readily available natural laevorot atory form of epinephrine. However, there seems to be no pharmacological basis for this belief (3-5) and subsequent trials have shown the L-epinephrine which we use for resuscitation, to be safe and effective in both infectious and postintubation croup(6,7). In addition, L-epinephrine is readily available in all countries while racemic epinephrine is not. Even in countries where both forms are available the racemic form is much more expensive(8 ).It was noted that the doses of L-epinephrine used in those trials were 2.5 and 5 mL of 1:1000 solution for all recruited children, regardless of weight. As a result, the dose of L-epinephrine in the treatment of croup has been suggested to be 0.5 mL/kg, with a maximum dose of 2.5 mL and 5 mL for children younger and older than 4 years, respectively (9). So far there have been very few reports that have studied the efficacy L- epinephrine in the management of post bronchoscpy croup and (UAO) in children. This study was designed for tow purpo ses of: (a) ascertaining the effectiveness of L-epinephrine in the management of croup and weezy chest post bronchoscpy in children or not; and (b) comparing the efficacy of a nebulized L-epinephrine at the dose of 0.1ml/kg versus 0.5ml/kg for the treatment of the above conditions and finally to recommend the routine use of L-epinephrine at the dose of 0.1ml/kg as protocole for the management croup and (UAO) post bronchoscopy in Children Material and Methods Between April1998 and April 2002, 120 children, who developed signs and symptoms of upper airway obstruction (UAO) after bronchoscopy such as severe irritative cough, wheezy chest, stridor and hoarseness of voice were randomized to receive either 0.1 mL/kg or 0.5 mL/kg of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE) with maximum of 2mL for patients below 5 years of age and 4mL for patients above 5 years of age. Two mL of normal saline were added to the dose of L-epinephrine. Age group ranged from 4months to 14 years, mean of 4.6 years, male /female ratio 4:1. We used L-epinephrine because racemic epinephrine in not available in our hospital and it is expensive. The treatment was accomplished in the recovery room under the care of the anesthetist and pediatric surgeon using facemask with 100% oxygen at 6 liters/minute. The main parameter that evaluated was the change of the (UAO) scores (Table 1) and the other parameters that evaluated were changes in the respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation observed by pulse oxymeter. All parameters were evaluated at 15 minutes, 35 minutes and 45 minutes after the treatment, side effects of nebulized epinephrine, if present such as tremor, arrhythmia, and pallor were recorded at the same time. The management was repeated after 2 hours whenever clinically indicated if the results were not satisfactory. All patients were reviewed carefully prior to discharge from recovery room. RESULTS One hundred and twenty children post bronchoscopy for foreign body aspiration (FBA) were enrolled in this study. Sixty children were allocated to the 0.1mg/kg (NLE) and sixty children to the 0.5 mL/kg (NLE). The (NLE) was mixed with 2ml of normal saline. Both groups had the same baseline characteristics (Table 2) and both groups had initially moderate upper airway obstruction. Both groups showed clinically significant improvements and reduction in UAO scores and Oxygen saturation at 15, 35 and 45 minutes(Table 3) compared to that prior to (NLE) at time 0. There were no significant differences in UAO scores and VS between the groups at all time points and none required immediate intubation or re-bronchoscopy. Side effects of epinephrine including pallor, arrhythmia and tremor were not observed. Table 1: Upper airway obstruction score (15)** Score 0 1 2 Cough Stridor Retraction Inspiratory breath sounds Cyanosis* None None None Normal None Hoarse cry Inspiratory Suprasternal Harsh with rhonchi In room air Bark Inspiratory +expiratory Suprasternal+ substernal +intercostal Delayed In 40% oxygen *Cyanosis was modified and defined as oxygen saturation ** Downes JJ, Raphaely RC. Pediatric intensive care. Anesthesiology 1975; 43: 238-50. Table 2: Patient characteristics of our study groups 0.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg Number of patients 60 60 Mean age (years) 3.4 5.8 Gender (M/F ratio) 4:1 4:1 UAO score immediately after bronchoscopy ( Mild ( Moderate 4-7) n, % (Severe > 7) n, % 12 (20%) 42 (70%) 6 (10%) 15 (25%) 38 (63.33%) 7 (11.66%) Table 3: The outcome variables in our study groups Time Time 0 15 Minutes 35 Minutes Nebulized L-epinephrine / Dose Number of patients 0.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg 60 60 0.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg 60 60 0.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg 60 60 Upper airway obstruction score (Mean) 5 (1-8) 5 (1-7) 3 (1-6) 2 (0-5) 2 (0-5) 1.4 (0-5) Respiratory rate/minute (Mean) 28 30 32 33 29 28 Heart rate /minute (Mean) 126 128 130 128 125 123 Systolic blood pressure :mmHg (Mean) 95 100 102 106 97 103 Diastolic blood pressure: mmHg (Mean) 55 61 58 63 56 62 Oxygen saturation % (Mean) 93 94 96 97 98 98 Discussion Post bronchoscopy croup and respiratory distress is know entity in pediatric age group, especially when there is a need for repeated bronchoscopic trials for retrieval of long standing foreign bodies. In such conditions, severe inflammatory process of tracheo-bronchial tree is almost present from certain foreign bodies like peanut and other seeds that elaborate severe irritative substances leading to infection and granulation of bronchial tree that aggravate the respiratory distress, bronchospasm and croup post bronchoscopy. The main aim of the clinician in such conditions is to provide relief of respiratory distress by decreasing upper airway irritation and improving air entry. The present study has attempted to verify the safety and efficacy of bronchodilator effect of (NLE) and to prove that a dose of 0.1mL/kg is at least as effective as the dose of 0.5mL/kg in the treatment of croup and (UAO) post bronchoscopy in children. Many studies have tested the value of racemic epinephrine compared to placebo (10) and to nebulized salbutamol (11-13) and the results showed superior value of racemic epinephrine in the treatment of bronchiolitis. It seems no pharmacological basis for the belief that racemic epinephrine is safer than L-epinephrine (3-5) and racemic epinephrine is not available in Jordan and is thus difficult to obtain and expensive, making L-epinephrine a more viable option. Sumboonnanonda (14) used (NLE) at the dose 0.05mL/kg (maximum 0.5mL) in the treatment of infectious croup. They found a clinically significant improvement in (UAO) scores at 24 and 48 hours after admission, even in the placebo group without dexamethasone treatment .The present study found similar results at average 30 minutes in children with post-bronchoscopy croup and wheezy chest. The maximum dose of (NLE) in this study was 2mL for patients less than 5 years of age and 4mL for patients more than 5 years. In our study we confirmed the safety and efficacy of (NLE) in the treatment o f post intubation croup (6) and infectious croup (7), when Nutman (6) used 0.25mL of 1% L-epinephrine (2.5mg) regardless the weight, for children post-intubation croup and found significant reduction of stridor score within 20 minutes, the same we observed in our study which continued at least over the next 4 hours post –bronchoscopy. Waisman (7) used 5mL of 1/1000 L-epinephrine (5mg), regardless the weight, in children with infectious croup when he found a significant reduction of croup score, reaching its maximum at 30 minutes. The majority of our patients required one section of (NLE) to achieve these results and in very few of them who had long standing foreign bodies and repeated trials of bronchoscopy and bronchial wash out, another session of (NLE) required over 24 hours on 6 hourly interval. The present results suggest that nebulized L-epinephrine, at a minimal dose of 0.1 mL/kg, is at least as effective as the dose of 0.5 mL/kg in the treatment of post-bronchoscopy c roup. Both doses temporarily alleviated airway obstruction without undesirable side effects. The dose of 0.1 mL/kg is much less expensive. We would suggest that the dose of 0.1 mL/kg is also efficacious in the treatment of children with post-bronchoscopy croup. This dose may be adequate to diminish mucosal edema of the upper airway by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors and producing vasoconstriction (4). In conclusion, the presented data suggest that administration (NLE), at the dose of 0.1 mL/kg is safe and effective and results in a similar reduction in upper airway obstruction scores, compared with the dose of 0.5 mL/kg, in children with post-bronchoscopy croup. Neither dose was associated with any adverse side effects and we recommend the routine use of 0.1mL/kg (NLE) post –bronchoscopy in children. Taking in consideration the comparable efficacy of both doses, the use of a small dose in clinical practice would save the medication expense and, theoretically, have a lower risk of developing side effects that are mostly dose dependent. Future studies should consider the use of (NLE) at the dose of 0.1 mL/kg in children with post bronchoscopy croup, which has a pathophysiology resembling infectious croup. Further studies examining the optimal dose and frequency of (NLE) in children with croup due to different pathologies including post-bronchoscopy croup seem warranted. Acknowledgment to DR Mohamad Al-Sukar, Chair of Anesthesia Department –Royal Medical Services,Dr Kassem Khamaeseh,MD, Anesthesia Intensive care for their support and review of this manuscript. References 1. Borland LM, Colligan J, Brandom B.W. J Clin Anesthesia Koba BV, Jeon IS, Andre JM, MacKay I, Smith RM. Postintubation croup in children. Anesth Analg 1977; 56:501-5 Holbrook PR, Issues in airway management -1988. Critical Care Clin 1988;4:789-802 Remington S, Meakin G. Nebulized adrenaline 1/1000 in the treatment of croup. Anesthesia 1986;41:923-946 Tabachilk E, Livensopn H. Clinical application of aerosols in pediatrics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;122:97-103 Waisman Y, Klein BL, Boeinning DA, Young GM, Chamberlain JM, O’Donnell R, et al . Prospective randomized double-blind study comparing L-epinephrine and racemic epinephrine aerosol in the treatment of laryngotracheitis (croup). Pediatrics 1992;89:302-6 Nutman J, Brooks LJ, Deakin KM, Baldesare KK, Witte MK, Reed MD. Racemic versus L-epinephrine aerosol in the treatment of postextubation laryngeal edema : Results from a prospective ,randomized double-blind study .Crit Care Med 1994;22:1591-4 Menon K, Sutcliffe T, Klassen TP. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy of epinephrine with salbutamol in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis. J Pediatr 1995;126:1004-1007 Siberry GK, Lannone R. The Harriet Lane Handbook 15th Edition .St Louis : Mosby-Year book,2000:705-6 Kristjansson S, Lodrup KC, Wennegren G, Strannegard I-L, Carlsen KH. Nebulized racemic adrenaline in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in infants and toddlers. Arch Dis Child 1993;69:650-54 Wennegren G, Holmgren D, Engstrom I, Sten G, Bjure J. Using transcutaneous blood gases to evaluate treatment effects on acute asthma in young children. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988;48(supp 189:41-44 Sanchez I, Dekoster J, Powell RE, Walstein R, Chernik V, Effect of racemic epinephrine and salbutamol on clinical score and pulmonary mechanics in infant with bronchiolitis . J Pediatr 1993;122:145-151 Reijonen T, Korpi M, Pitkakangas S, Tehhola S, Kyllikki R. The clinical efficacy of nebulized racemic epinephrine and albuterol in acute bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr Adolosc Med 1995;149:686-692 Sumboonnanonda A, Suwanjutha S, Sirinavin S. Randomized controlled trial of dexamethasone in infectious croup. J Med Assoc Thai 1997;80:262-5 Downes JJ, Raphaely RC. Pediatric intensive care. Anesthesiology 1975; 43: 238-50.

Approaches towards Management :: essays research papers

In the early days of the Union Pacific Railroad there really wasn’t really a manageable approach. The means of delivery were mostly by train and Union Pacific was one who provided services. There really wasn’t much of a manageable approach back then, when all you had was a small fleet of trains going across the country delivering goods. Managing wasn’t really something organization thought of, they were in it for the money. If you were an employee of UP such as an engineer you basically got a set of directions from your boss and were off until you arrived at your final destination. Over time these approaches have changed. Approaches such as the classical, human resource and quantitative have all helped UP get from an average company to an excellent company. By using these approaches UP changed into a goal setting organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the Industrial revolution different theories of management were brought up, one being the classical approach. The classical approach was a theory which strived to improve the productivity of operative personnel. With the help of guys like Taylor, the Gilbreths, Fayol, and Weber efficiency increased. During this early time many organizations were very inefficient, where activities were unplanned and unorganized. There were also no real plans, managers really didn’t know what to do besides run the business. UP Railroad was a company who was there to do was to perform services to their customers and that was it. There were no real goals managers could try to strive to, because they had no goals. In and around this time when UP was just established many were doing the same job over and over for very low wages, while certainly not knowing what they were getting into.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So for years many managers of UP and other organizations didn’t have an efficient plan, while continuing to live by a low standard of living. This is until guys like Taylor and Gilbreth can along. Taylor spent months trying to figure out one way an organization could use one best way to do a specific job instead of everyone doing the same job at once. At UP being more efficient would lower prices and increase wages. As Taylor found a way to be more efficient, Gilbreth also was finding his own ways to being efficient. Best known for his bricklaying technique, Gilbreth also helped revolutionalize efficient work. With their help, organizations like UP could be more efficient, while helping there employees raise the standard of living.

Counseling Theoretical Model Essay -- Psychology, Christian Counseling

There are many theoretical models of counseling. Often, a diverse approach or the use of several approaches is best for the resolution of problems. I utilize several different theories and strategies in my role as a counselor. However, it is the Individual personal theory and the Family theory model that anchors my orientation to counseling as a Christian counselor. Individual personal theory of counseling is very important for the successes of any therapeutic process that affects how I council. Personal perspective, how the world works, belief system, the way things interact, and how they actually are form the basis of working of all individuals in life. In order to have the best decision with respect to any therapeutic process, I have to understand deeply the personal theory of individual. This is believed to enhance the interaction of the client with a counselor and gives an integrated approach by me as a counselor. This understanding is also crucial to effective intervention with individuals who have different values compared to me as a counselor. Understanding the individual theory of the world also helps me as a counselor in the identification of weaknesses and strengths and areas of improvement. As a counselor, my personal orientations on the other hand are the influences like values, interests, compassion, and self-awareness among others , which influence the personal theory of counseling, discussed above. These personal orientations correspond with other approaches to therapy while others do not hence the understanding is important. Family systems theory bases its argument on the concepts that in order to understand the family effectively and efficiently, the whole family has to be assessed. The signs that are expres... ...The Individual personal Theory and the Family Theory Model is a very important procedure that must be taken seriously in order to ensure that it is successful. Individual personal theory of counseling together with the orientation of the therapist has a greater influence on the family therapy. This may be negative for example if the orientation of the therapist contravenes the values of the client as is evidenced by the Christian values discussed above. It is also important for the therapist to be aware of the needs and the uniqueness of the circumstances of the clients such as in domestic violence. However, an efficient strategy is capable of ensuring that these forces do not affect the process. Lastly, the environment and the diversity of the population that one is working with play an important role in family systems therapy and should be considered critically.

Cultural Purity and the Refute of the Inevitable Momentum :: essays papers

Cultural Purity and the Refute of the Inevitable Momentum In the introduction to â€Å"The Pure Products Go Crazy,† James Clifford offers a poem by William Carlos Williams about a housekeeper of his named Elsie. This girl is of mixed blood, with a divided common ancestry, and no real collective roots to trace. Williams begins to make the observation that this is the direction that the world is moving in, as Clifford puts it—â€Å"an inevitable momentum.† Clifford believes in that, â€Å"in an interconnected world, one is always to varying degrees, ‘inauthentic.’† In making this statement, Clifford is perhaps only partially accurate. In the western hemisphere, where Williams was located, perhaps it can be said directly that the influence of modern society has attributed to the lack of general ancestry, as one culture after another has blended with the next. Perhaps it can be said as well that, as Clifford puts it, â€Å"there seem no distant places left on the planet where the presence of Ã¢â‚¬Ë œmodern’ products, media, and power cannot be felt† (Clifford, 14). The intention of this paper is to contend first that there is essentially such a thing as â€Å"pure† culture, and contrary to Clifford’s belief, that there are â€Å"pure† unblended cultures that remain (while not altogether untouched by foreign influence), natural within themselves. It will be argued as well that the influence of modern society does not necessarily lead to a loss of cultural soundness itself, but rather that a presence of certain cultural practices within the respective cultures has attributed to the lasting â€Å"purity† of certain cultures. In this case, we will be discussing the cultures that exist in Haiti and Bali. To address the first part of my argument, we fist must take in hand what exactly is this â€Å"pure† culture that has been mentioned thus far. Clifford believes that cultures, for the sake of the argument being made can be said to be impure cultures, â€Å"have had to reckon with the forces of ‘progress’ and ‘national’ unification,† and that essentially this has led to â€Å"many traditions, languages, cosmologies, and values [being] lost, some literally murdered† (Clifford, 16). He argues that inevitably, all cultures either will, or have experienced this, and in the end have transformed into an alternate version of themselves. I propose that a â€Å"pure† culture is one that has either not had to deal with such circumstances, or has dealt with outside influences, without altering what is wholly exclusive about itself.

Case analysis: Deloitte & Touche Essay

In Deloitte & Touche, women had accounted for almost half of all new hires throughout the 1980s, yet by 1991, of the 50 candidates being nominated for partnership on that year, only four were women. There was serious imbalance of male and female gender in the workforce despite steps to ensure that the firm would be hiring women during the 1980s. Moreover, the high turnover of women leaving was accruing huge expenses for the firm . In this paper, I will first discuss the challenges faced in the organization and the reasons why the management saw a need for an organization change. Next, I will argue that the current situation favors the change process and despite the possible restraining forces; Deloitte & Touche is in a good position in successfully implementing the strategies. I will then discuss the possible restraining forces that would hinder the change and comment on the recommendations and strategies by the Task Force. Lastly, I will suggest further solutions that would help in overcoming the restraining forces so that this would further aid in the development of the change process. Mike Cook had initially assumed that the main reason why women left the workforce in greater numbers was due to family commitments. However, despite the strategies implemented in the 1980s to hire more talented women and ensuring that there was no glass ceiling for women in the firm, the statistics in 1991 proved that the previous solutions were not adequate and that the firm was incurring huge expenses due to the high rate of turnovers. Thus in 1992, a Task Force was formed whereby the firm hired outside consultants to find out why women were not advancing at the same rate as men, and why they were leaving at a higher percentage rate. After much investigations and interviews, the Catalyst report showed that the top two reasons for their departure was because the women had perceived that there was a male dominated work environment and that opportunities for career advancement was difficult. An imbalance work-life which was perceived by Mike Cook as the main reason was ranked third in importance. Clearly, the management had earlier identified the main reason incorrectly. When one examines the situation at hand, the firm is in a favorable position to execute the change. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, the critical mass, whom are the partners in the firm are suddenly aware of the  real problem the plagues the firm. Engaging the critical mass is crucial as their support for the change is important and their leadership would help transmit effectively the change strategies. Secondly, the firm is presently at the third stage of the development process, whereby they have diagnosed correctly the exact problem. In addition, Lois Evans, one of the top-ranked women in the firm had similarly echoed that the current work environment was a crappy place for any woman to be. By identifying the precise problem, the organisation can now tackle more effectively and implement the appropriate solutions to change the male dominated corporate culture. Changing a corporate culture is extremely difficult and this in my opinion is the biggest restraining force. The challenge for any organization is how to reinforce people in changing an old culture that has lasted for so long. The key to the success is not to impose cultural changes, but to facilitate an environment whereby employees are involved in finding their own new approaches to change. Another major restraining force that might occur is that many male employees might sense a threat in their positional power. In addition, many male workers might start wondering whether these changes would benefit them, and would start questioning the strategies suggested by the Task Force which seems to favor women only. The organization at present is still not accustomed in seeing women in positions of power and thus by developing leadership platforms for women such as an advisory council might bring about suspicion and insecurity for the men. In examining the recommendations suggested by the Task Force, I do agree that the firm should hold workshops and seminars to educate and communicate to the employees that men and women are colleagues . I would suggest that during these workshops, change agents should inform the male workers their subtle actions and words can actually create an unwelcome culture for women. Insensitive comments that make women feel uncomfortable in the workforce should also be avoided. For example, statements such as â€Å"someone working part-time is not interested in the career† or â€Å"she has kids, maybe he should handle the international assignments† should not be made formally, as well as in an informal setting. In addition, managers should also learn to avoid gender stereotypes that women are incapable to handle challenging  assignments simply because they are mothers. Therefore by increasing the awareness of the dangers of stereotyping, male employees would understand and be mo re acceptable when they recognize and see major changes in the work environment that might favor women employees. I similarly agree with the Task Force that the firm should build goals in their business planning and provide directional goals for women in leadership . Defining the criteria to measure and monitor progress for women is also crucial. This is because better information and improving access to career development and training opportunities are significant ways in educating the women their route of advancement. It is obvious that if you do know what is available, the possibility of you attempting to take part would be much higher. Thus it is important to ensure that women receive the same opportunities as men and this can be solved by designing a program to monitor the promotion rates among women and men. I would therefore suggest that the Human resource department have a program that tracks work assignments to ensure that women at Deloitte & Touche are considered for premier clients and projects at equal rates as their male counterparts. Offices should be evaluated annually, ensuring women are being offered fair shots at career-advancing assignments. Another solution is to include women as assessors and to ensure that they are included on senior promotion interview boards. However, one should be cautious and avoid achieving a fix quota. The firm must highlight that equality and meritocracy still exists in the workplace between men and women. This is crucial so that the firm would avoid to be seen as promoting a women-favored environment only. Besides the listed solutions in the case study, there are further considerations that Mike Cook might need to consider. Firstly, it is important to have a policy that is clear to the staff within the organization. Moreover, identifying the right people within the firm to implement the policies is vital as electing change agents who might unconsciously or consciously disagree with the new corporate philosophy might in return sabotage the whole change process rather than aid it.  Secondly, the creation of a positive environment has to start with the chief executive officer and the leaders, and they must set the example in creating an atmosphere of encouragement for the women. The management must also be prepared to provide sufficient resources for the training and development of women. Thirdly, in the creation of a flexible work environment for women as recommended by the Task Force, the challenge the organization face is to dispel myths that the only way a worker can contribute and have the potential for career advancement is on accumulating work hours or â€Å"face time†. While the management should allow women to work at home on occasional periods, and be connected to the work site via a computer through tele-working, the complexity of have this flexible work environment or working from home is in the method of supervision. Managers therefore need to plan and prepare for the experience of tele-work and develop appropriate communication and accountability strategies. Managers should also be respectful to the employee and their personal workspace and have to be careful not to neglect the worker, causing them to fall into the â€Å"out of sight† trap. In conclusion, Deloitte & Touche is in a good position in sustaining and implementing the change process. This is because the firm has correctly identified the root problem and possess a strong Task Force in recommending sound strategies. However, the firm must still be aware of possible restraining forces and also take time to set the right policies and choose the correct change agents within the firm to spearhead this change process. Managers should also be aware of the difficulties in having a flexible work environment, and thorough research and planning should be invested into this program so that they are better prepared to handle the transition.

Bio-Medical Discourse

Discuss the strengths and limitations of social work practice within an organization, such as a hospital, that operates from a biomedical discourse (give an example)? The biomedical discourse is one of the most influential discourses in the health care profession today (Healy, p. 20). Biomedicine is a dominant and pervasive model in health care settings and there are strengths and limitations in working within the this discourse.One of the strengths of working within this model, it allows you to work within a multidisciplinary team with psychiatrists, doctors, nurses, and other medical staff and this opens up a whole new perspective for social workers. We get to see the medical side of things and how that affects the person. When a medical professional see’s a patient they see the direct problem of that patient and there disease.Using this model and all of our social work skills and approaches will give us a total picture of what is happening in that person’s life by no t only looking at the environment but putting other factors into place such as the biological aspect. We can help out clients navigate through the health care system and can clarify medical terms to help them feel at ease with there illness. The biomedical discourse has its limitations as well.This model works under the belief that disease’s are caused by a specific biological agents or processes and fails to take a deeper look at the individual environment and living factors. It is out job as social workers to look at all of the other factors such as environment, family, culture ect of that individual, not just the focusing on the person and modifying the person. I worked with a social worker on the cardiac rehab unit at the Glenrose Hospital and she worked with a patient that had a heart attack and had bypass surgery and is now in rehab.He was given medications to take after the surgery and most likely will be on for the rest of his life. The doctors tell the patient all ab out the medial procedure they just had, what current medications they are on and how to take them and what the side effects are, nut never talk about all the other factors that come into play. The social worker has to now prepare not only the patient to return home but has to prepare the family as to how there environment will be changing in order to have a safe recovery for the patient.As social workers it can be hard for us to ignore the environmental contributions in an individual’s life. The social worker only had two visits with the patient and the family, the nutritionist had another two visit’s and the physician has on going visits with the patient for as long is needed. The physician was only concerned with the disease and diagnosis of the patient and modifying the person. Another limitation is the focus on medicalization. Not everyone is in need of medical attention and to be put on medication.Our jobs as social workers are to recognize that people’s en vironments really do affect them. Person can come into see there GP and tell them that they are depressed, the first thing they do is put them on med’s for their depression. They don’t look at what has been going on in that person’s life, have they been through a major trauma, what changes have been happening. All they look at are the symptoms and the medications to go along side of them. This determines that the doctor is the expert and knows best.

Gender Roles and Religion Essay

The article wants to make us to think about gender roles since a religious perspective, Christian and Islam share almost the same treatment against female and some of their customs are in favor of women in the sense that they respect them as mother and wife. Despite of that, it looks like Christian and Islam have oppressed female. However, as the article’s author says, it do not depend on what the religion praise, but on what believers think and do. I t means that the problem is not the religions itself, but the fundamentalists are the ones which lead other people to think that religion in special Islam is a source of negative treatment against women. The author which is a believer tries to portray that at the end the â€Å"gender roles† are not a problem, it is important that each gender has their own identity but in the end, what really matters is what God has prepared for â€Å"each one of us†. In my personal opinion, religions have and important role in the b uilt of the current stereotypes because of the tuition most of them teach. Let us see the case of Christianity which the main religion in our country. The ancient Jew traditions registered on the Bible do not treat the women in the same way than men. Why did not Jesus Christ choose women as his followers? Why the role played by women on Bible is not as important as the one played by men? They do not even mention women as a big part of the marvelous plan God has to save us from sin. Bible shows us men as the strong, invincible, leader, warrior and women as the mother, weak, inferior and tied to the husband will. It is very interesting to notice how Christian reverence Mary and in the same way judge Eve as the bringer of the sin to Earth, I think that there is a double moral here. So, we can see that at the end some of roles we have in our society have been affected directly or indirectly from what religion teach us. I am not a devote Christian however, I agree with the author in sense that religion help people to accept themselves as they are. I personally think that there is not necessary to follow a strict role, everyone should be free of play the role they want. I am conscious that this is not possible always as the author says: â€Å"People just don’t like those who don’t fit in boxes.† However depends on each one follow the roles as rigid as society demands or be more flexible. Gender roles are not bad, gender roles make a difference between men and woman, and they give them their own identity. I think the same as the author; the problem is how rigid those roles are. I think that is not a matter of which gender is superior, every gender has its weaknesses and strengths and both are a complements. If we understand that, the infinite battle of genders that has started many years ago may end in a truce.

Tv Channels Project India in a Bad Light

TV Channels project India in a bad light Recently the rise of consumerism and a spurt in the number of satellites in the vicinity of our planet have led to rise in the number of TV Channels as well as their viewers across the country. We have specialized channels that cater to the different categories of human taste viz entertainment, music, news,sports,etc. The wider availability of channels helps the viewer to opt among them as per his or her choice. The news channels which are clubbed together in a word ‘media’ is one of the pillars of democracy. It is the moral duty of these news channels to bring the truth in front of the masses.Talking about our country,a nation which is second largest in the world in the terms of population and the largest effective electorate is truly an exemplar of democracy. Like any other nation,it is also laden with issues-both domestic as well as of international concerns. These news channels bear the social responsibility of imparting the n ews, the happenings,the incidents or accidents which should be nothing but the truth. Also the RTI Act empowers any common Indian citizen to go to the depths of affairs and have access to information povide its disclosure does not pose a grave threat to the security and integrity of the nation.The ‘truer’ picture sometimes become harsh and pretty inconvenient to be comestible but scandals and other activities of corruption need to be brought to general awareness. And, it is not only the darker side of affairs, it is also about the achievements and the milestones the country makes in the various spheres-sports, science, humanities,etc. We have several programmes on the national television that are oriented towards the cultural and economic welfare-be it related to the promotion of agriculture,tourism,industry,services,etc.Besides there are programmmes which highlight the nations prosperity, its geographical and cultural diversity and also encourage communal harmony. The consumer oriented channels which basically thrive on the TRP ratings,drama and screenplay is of prime concern to them which helps in a maintaining a certain class of audience bound to it. The audience is engrossed as the way the theme is displayed has a glamour, a pomp and show associated with it. For this, they may exaggerate certain situations or circumstances.Nonetheless,they impart a social message under the rosy spicy recipe of drama-be it child marriage,female foeticide,’honour’ killings,terrorism, etc. And, when a guy from the lower strata of society manages to win 5 crores in a game show by the dint of his knowledge and labour besides a grace of fortune,it clearly sends a strong signal to the society about the reachability of the capital to the masses. Last but not the least,the image of the news channels and the media might have been tainted over the issue of ‘paid’ news and the dubious string operations but their importance cannot be undermined a s a source of public information.There are reality shows which do not miss a opportunity to jeer at the widespread corruption but yes, one needs to appreciate them for their creativity for the ways they adopt to entertain people. It was an eminent personality of Bollywood who blogged regarding a movie getting Oscars with an acerbic response that the jury gets a kind of emotional satisfaction watching the widespread Indian poverty and the slums which the director of the movie has encashed upon. If that be the bitter truth, so be it.There are movies which highlight the unity , the cultural diversity , the celebrations in our country. It would be too early to conclude that TV Channels project our nation in a bad light. Frankly speaking, a sugar coated truth is the better word. Allowing mobile phones in class make students less serious in studies The world is getting smaller and we are living in the era of a ‘global village’ where communication and the exchange of ideas hap pens within the wink of an eye. Information is the key and the power,truly. And, there are several tools and gadgets that facilitate this flow of information.From print media to digital and electonic media, which are primarily used as means of mass communication, we have telephones and mobile phones which are important means of personal communication. Moreover, the recent splurge in the usage of gizmos and gazettes among the generation Y and the youngsters has becomea fad and a status symbol rather than a necessity and mobiles are no exception to it. Their use is not confined to a mere tete-a tete but incorporates several varied applications which diversifies their usage.And a modern day youngster would not be satisfied with a simple Nokia 3600 or1100. He or she would go for the more sophisticated or sleek designs provide there is no hole in the pocket created. Now, coming to the usage of mobile phones inside a class, there are norms which are both discipilnary and moral and make su fficient common sense,whch direct both the teacher/professor and the students who are partcipating in a lecture to put off their cells or keep them in such a mode which aviodsunnecessary distraction.But even the norms which are rarely followed in totto, and even when followed put a cap or restriction to their use as they are intended to. Ina large gatheing being addressed and lectured to,where it becomes increasingly difficult to keep track of each and every student, there are hubs created inside the class where students fail to get engrossed in the monotonous lectures and find their own ways to do away with the time to which cellphones prove to be a great aid.It may include sharing information regarding the latest cell that the neighbour has recently bought, or texting to the pal sitting at the other corner regarding the shabby outlook of the professor,to playing games like snakes,tetris or other advanced versions to listening to songs and watching videos(of all kinds) on the tiny screen. The world of SMSes ahs virtually made the students handicapped of writing anything sincerely as they still cannot help writing those abbreviations of informal chat even when they are writing an answer to aquestion which clearly indicates to their frivolous attitude.Adding to the worse of it,these students would just take a snapshot of te notes of a sincere and laborious classmate thinking that it would suffice and save my time and labour getting ‘wasted’. One may put forth the argument that even during the non mobile days there were always a section of students who were a source of nuisance and distraction by their activities . But the inadvertent entry of mobiles inside the classes provide innumerable creative ways to bolster their activities.A serious student who is trying his/her best to concentrate and attend the lecture would surely look askance at the slim mobile phone his pals are discussingabout for long. Now this seriously puts forward 2 very primary qu estions;first,why the pattern of education becomes so dread ful and tedious which call s for the students to distract and second, why cant we cater to the students interests and inclinations so that they are provided room to choose the lecture they want to attend?Mobile phones are just the present and a lame excuse for ignorance,we need to find the root cause and address it prooperly rather than to contemplate over its complete ban or usage. However, a partial ban like prohibiting its use during the class hours and allowing only after it, seems a temporary but an effective solution as per the need of the hour.

Comparing between 3 companies ( semco , google , apple ) Essay

Comparing between 3 companies ( semco , google , apple ) - Essay Example Moreover, despite having numerous product lines, both Google and Apple are in the IT industry. Hence, these companies are overly dependent on their capabilities to use information and communication technology skills. (Kahney) Semco has more focus on Brazil while Google and Apple are rivaling various IT organizations throughout the global markets. Further, Semco has seldom entangled in political issues though it has a declared socio-economic mission of ushering workplace democracy. On the other hand, Apple maintains a strict corporate tone. Further, Google often raises ideological issues such as freedom of expression. Hence, it had to withdraw its business from China due to political reasons. In the context of business diversification, Semco did not select to follow any rigid industrial segment. Hence, it appears to have minimized the major business risks by diversifying its investments and specialties across different industries. According to The Leigh Bureau, Semco is aggressively expanding its market shares in the sectors like real estate, energy, legal services, etc. But Apple diversified its products and packages in the same business segment. At the same time it created a â€Å"proprietary ecosystem† (Kahney). It maintained its technology and business secrets and embarked on a policy of using license agreements and copyright protection. Google has a totally different marketing strategy. It does not venture in cross industry diversification like Semco. It also does not excessively emphasize on protecting its intellectual properties. It largely operates through open source technologies providing highly flexible and accessible IT platforms to its customers. Experts like Lashinsky describe the company to be aggressive but generous in handling the market challenges. Unlike Semco, Apple is orthodox. It follows a command and control framework with clearly defined

Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Multicultural Education - Essay Example In addition, the paper shall develop an action plan that will enable to cope with latent barriers and ensure that communities and families feel the care of their success. Community demographics The current astonishing classroom diversity predicts the foremost demographic shift in the United States community. In the year 2010, the Hispanics accounted for approximately 43 percent of the population growth in the United States. For the next 20 years, the school aged population would include an increase of 64 percent of Hispanic. In the year 2000, the Asian, non Hispanic school aged population would be estimated at approximately 4 percent plus a projection of 6.6 percentage increase over the years. The Native American and African American populations have stagnated over the years since the year 2000. In other words, the demographic changes within the American classrooms constitute approximately 43 percent of students from ethnically and racially diverse backgrounds. The Latinos are about 20 percent, the Blacks 17 percent of the school population. The white students represent approximately 57 percent of the enrollment within the public schools. This is a decrease from approximately 61 percent over the years since 1993. ... Approximately 300,000 school age children have no homes. Over 20 percent of the nation’s children in the school age live in economic poverty. Consequently, this data on demographic changes in the United States community proclaim that educators initiate pedagogical approaches, which address the needs of learners of their linguistic and cultural background, immigrant status, or social class. Diversity expected in the classroom There is escalating diversity as well as the mounting recognition of diversity in communities, nations, states in the world. The United States school community has experience diversity in the classroom. They encompass cultural, ethnic, racial, religious, language, and socioeconomic diversity. Such forms of diversity offer a pure, excellent context for learners to acquire the skills and multicultural understanding required in the local communities. All students should incorporate multicultural perspective so as to enhance a proper self understanding and sel f concept. The perspective initiates understanding and sensitivity of others in the community. One can formulate decisions and obtain effective actions based on multicultural synthesis and analysis. Instructors and students have the ability to address issues with an open mind. Diversity in the classroom enhances an understanding of the practice of stereotyping, respect for all people and self pride among students. This enhances a low degree of thinking stereotypically. The teachers, who are relevant culturally, use the best known for effective teaching. Research shows that, successful instructors of learners of color demonstrate behaviors that match those of the instructions. Teachers who apply culturally relevant pedagogy possess more expertise of their professional

Meaning behind a Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meaning behind a Speech - Essay Example As many Americans are faced with the responsibility of electing a President every four years, one of the highlights of the process would be the Inaugural speech given by the newly sworn in chief executive on their inauguration day. From George Washington, all the way to the present day with Barack Obama, each individual who has resided in the chair of the President has found themselves with the opportunity to creatively craft their message through interviews given to members of the mainstream press, as well as speeches given to an even wider audience. Going farther than the words written within the pages of their statements, the power of these deliveries, are further enabled by the presence of the passion within the person saying the words. Taking the time to effectively present essential points of whatever case may need to be made, through increases in tone to emphasis crucial aspects, all the way to something as day-to-day, as the choice of clothing that would be worn. One of the most relevant speech examples in recent memory would be the inaugural speech delivered by John F. Kennedy in January 1961. Being a man who sought to introduce youthful vigor and passion into the role of the nation's chief executive, President Kennedy's speech would convey the inherent desire he would possess for the powerful role of both the American government and its citizens, as well as the power of the rest of the world. Through the strength in his delivery by means of the elevation and passion of his voice, Kennedy would enhance the meaning of his message for the nation. In speaking of the presence of power held by man but also the presence of a higher being, President Kennedy states, "The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe--the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God," (Kennedy, 1961). With his delivery, the new President would convey to his audience that, within all humans, they do hold the potential to enact great change around them. All the while remembering that, to stay true to history and the revolutionary forefathers of the nation, would be to remember the significance given to the influence of God. The more an individual may believe and feel passionate about what they are saying, the evidence will show in the choice of words to be spoken and the elevation of their voice, to better illustrate those very same words. For example, "Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty,' (Kennedy, 1961). To assess the greater intended meaning of this, Kennedy would seek to further underline the strength of the American conviction for that which we believe in. With the delivery of this speech occurring in less than two decades since the end of World War II and just before the start of the Vietnam war, which would begin only a few short years later, the meaning behind the following portion of the President's speech, would be amplified through his eloquent delivery. "In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S Essay

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S - Essay Example Although great achievements have been made with regards women's rights, equality and representation in the past decades, the number of legislators and women in the cabinet still comprise of a few female elites. Only sixteen percent of women hold seats in the Congress and five females serve in President Bush's cabinet (Wolbrecht 1-10). In recent years, two women served as Secretary of State and another one will be serving with the President-elect once he assumes office. Another great stride for women is when Nancy Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House just recently. However, during the last election, the number of women seeking office for state legislatures faced a decline as compared to the previous elections and membership of women in national groups that could enhance their political influence also dropped in number.1 This is interesting to note as research have shown that the lower level of nominations and elections in the past contributed to the dearth of women in politics. How ever, this does not mean that women are disadvantaged in experience or sources of fund (Gaddie and Bullock, 761). On the contrary, women who sought office fared equally well with males in terms of financial ability. Gaddie and Bullock also asserts that the decline in the number of seats in crucial and elite positions in politics can be attributed to the dismal percentage of nominees among republicans (761). What is striking is that women who held more experience have a high probability of getting elected whereas voters pick men who are less experienced than women with less experience (Gaddie and Bullock 97). Nevertheless, women are still hesitant to run for office (Dolan in Wolbrecht 1-10). This only illustrates, that for women to achieve equal representation in the elite political circles, more women should run for office and gain further experience. In addition, there are factors that hinder women from achieving equal power and representation in contemporary political life. Although politics held a significance place for women before their enfranchisement, the realization of women's suffrage came after nearly a century of struggle. Yet this lengthy struggle only brought forth gender equality and equal citizenship but not equal representation and power in politics. (Wolbrecht, 6). Moreover, although women serve in different areas of politics, especially in legislature where their chances of increasing influence is considerable, this service is not matched by an increase in authority and power as they are thwarted by party affiliations, committees and caucuses (Reingold 33). Even Hillary Clinton, the most elite of the female politicians and a former first lady, is considered a mere 'junior senator' whose tenure in office is relatively short in the standard of a male elite politician. This is worsened by the perceived disparity of political focus that exists between male and female politicians. The notion that women enter politics on gender basis and considerations is asserted in the work of Kirkpatrick (242). Scholars observe that politics are different when women are involved (Wolbrecht, 5) and contend that activism plays a major role for decision and policy-making of a female politician. Naples, for instance, purports that the path that most female politician tread is one that center on progressive and